
The newly released Class 9 Social Science textbook by NCERT removes chapters on the French and Russian revolutions to focus on India's medieval history.
The revised edition highlights armed resistance by regional communities and the impact of successive foreign invasions driven by territorial and religious motives between 1,000 and 1,700 CE.
A dedicated chapter examines the Mughal state's conflict with Sikh Gurus, citing the executions of Guru Arjan Dev and Guru Tegh Bahadur.