
A behavioural science study by economists in U.S. schools found that teachers who stood to lose an upfront bonus improved student math scores by 0.20 to 0.40 standard deviations.
Traditional year-end performance bonuses produced negligible gains, whereas granting teachers responsibility over upfront funds significantly boosted instructional effort.
India's teaching workforce crossed one crore in the 2024-25 UDISE+ count, while government schools continue to record substantial numbers of vacant posts.